5) would create donuts (pie charts with holes in the center). I have tried using the solution from Not plotting 'zero' in matplotlib or change ze Nov 20, 2016 · To control a single axis, you need to set its properties via the plot's Axes. 5} and it plots white labels on white background, hence not seeng it. Share. get_cmap(cmap)(np. subplots() ax1. Next, plot the pie chart using Matplotlib. pyplot as plt. pie(totalAmount_sample, shadow=False, startangle=90) # No labels or %s. This parameter allows you to customize the formatting of the autopct labels that display the percentages on the chart. figure(figsize=(15,15)) for i in range(len(sizes)): s = sizes[i] plt. set_text('') If you want to remove them entirely, do ax. Add an extra column, and put your text in there. However, I would like also to remove the "0%"s labels from the chart. We can provide a function to the autopct argument, which will expand automatic percentage labeling by showing absolute values; we calculate the latter back from relative data and the known sum of all values. 6, shadow=False, Oct 24, 2017 · Got some problem with plotting a pie chart in matplotlib. References. If the need for a pie chart is unambiguously determined, let's proceed to place the legend. Under Format Data Labels > Number > Format Code > type in 0;;; and >Add. pie (total May 8, 2018 · My solution is basically similar to the accepted answer by ImportanceOfBeingErnest. Using the data you provided as df, you can create a pie chart and access the returned text objects for the labels and the percentage labels. However, it still overlaps, so get the current label position and change the position of the overlapping label. colorbar() c. If you need to remove it from all your plots, you can remove spines in style settings (style sheet or rcParams). pie(x, explode=None, labels=None, colors=None, autopct=None, pctdistance=0. Is there any way to give matplotlib pie chart a zorder? 0. Just pass an empty label. linewidth, same with linestyle) it change this for shadow that is beneath chart, not for wedges itself. exp(data2)[i], marker='o', label=str(p)) Borrowed from here. works perfect with pyplot. Feb 1, 2021 · In order to remove the legend, there are four ways. When I try and simply do labels=None, I get this picture: The initial pie chart has the location of the legends set like this: qx. Remove "0%" labels from a plotly pie chart in Python. cos(ang*np. cats, 24%. wedgeprops=dict (width=. 2, colors=['k'], startangle=180, counterclock=False) # ax. In addition, detailed instructions are provided on how to customize the pie chart legend, labels, percentages, changing element coordinates, colors, color maps, thickness, text, and more. Plot a pie chart using pie () method. pie(sizes, labels=labels) Each slice of the pie chart is a patches. 5. r * 0. Jul 31, 2018 · The problem with the "solution" is it also removes dimension label when hovering if they are all being set to blanks. Feb 7, 2019 · which results in a plot with no labels at all, and finally I tried putting my plt. 12. The most straightforward way to build a pie chart is to use the pie method. StepsInitialize a variable n=20 to get a number of sections in a pie chart. Learn more about piechart, labels, grouping Hey guys so I have a pie chart with labels like 1%,2% <1% and because there are 100 values it overlaps quite a lot. ang = (patch. labels is an optional Sep 1, 2020 · Here is an approach using pandas:. Oct 1, 2021 · Am loving ease of ax. Method 1: Using . After creating the plot, use . But for some really low percentages the the slices and percentages prints are way too small to see, because they overlap with the other really small percentages. subplots(1) ax. There may be a smarter way to reorder the data. Putting it all together (besides the special chars - I had some problems activating TeX), try the following code: # -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-. linspace(0. set_visible(False) Pie charts represent data broken down into categories/labels. Currently it's plotting properly the chart itself, but there is a small issue with its wedges. savefig("OutputToUse. May 8, 2021 · Advertisements. N: raise ValueError("Too many categories for colormap. 3) total = [13,87] plt. sizes = [15, 30, 45, 10] Jun 3, 2023 · Step 2: Making sure, a pie chart is needed. figure(figsize=(3, 3), dpi=72) plt. plot(kind='pie') Aug 18, 2017 · This solution doesn't work for me as I have a lot of values (around 60), and conversion to a legend will make the plot look very messy and unclear. use('fivethirtyeight') age_df = fixed_df. Code generates a pair of lines and the line 2 is removed in a for loop which. groups. import numpy as np. Thanks a lot! 1. We'll first generate some fake data, corresponding to three groups. (Of course, in this case, you could just not use plt. In mashup you can turn off by targeting data-key="pie-labels". The alignment 'center', 'left', or 'right' can be controlled using the horizontal alignment property: for label in ax. The functions called to remove the y-axis labels and ticks are matplotlib methods. In most cases, one would probably chose to use . E. You can change pctdistance (distance between percentage) and labeldistance (distance between labels) parameter to suit your needs too. pie(x) plt. The following programme runs on version 3. For the x axis - (pyplot. Jun 23, 2021 · Change autopct label position on matplotlib pie chart. pie(sizes[1:], labels=labels[1:], colors=[colours[key] for key in labels[1:]]) This works to create the plot: Here we see that the labels are represented by the same colours across both plots, as desired. get_yticklabels(): r_label. birds, 18%. . fish, 13%. apply(list). get_legend (). The following is the syntax: import matplotlib. Taking the code from mapf's answer, you would simply do the following in the final for-loop: Aug 30, 2019 · A. I'm keen to hide low-value data labels for readability in the final plot to avoid overlapping labels. LETTER), key=lambda x: x[2], reverse=True)) fontsize=8) Running the above code, I get a legend table which does not contain any value, but only labels. You can set the autopct parameter to a format string that excludes Feb 16, 2021 · 148 E. legend(labels, loc="best") and labels=None Bu didn't work. A tutorial on creating pie charts in python with Matplotlib, including adding labels, changing the styles, and using custom colors. pyplot charts: import matplotlib. Nov 29, 2016 · 17. value_counts (). pie(x,labels=labels) plt. subplots() ax. The percentage marks and labels are right in the middle of each of the pie slices, but I want these two to be moved to to a different part of the slice as indicated in the figure below, such that all labels are on the left side of the figure. groupby('Singapore')['Entity']. I also want to place the extra text box that I added in the bottom right or left side of the pie chart. In this case, we can compose a legend using Matplotlib objects that aren't explicitly tied to the data that was plotted. You'll learn to use parameters such as autopct, textprops, colors, startangle, counterclock, labeldistance, pctdistance, shadow, and explode. 2, matplotlib 3. plot(kind='pie', subplots=True, figsize=(6, 4)) My dataframe consists of two columns - Country and Value (% distribution) and has about 25 countries listed. To remove the label on the left side in a matplotlib pie chart, we can take the following steps −. import pandas as pd import numpy as np from matplotlib import pyplot as plt def label_function(val): return f'{val / 100 * len(df colors=[colours[key] for key in labels]) ax[1]. I would like to not have any labels or values in the pie chart, but only within the legend. get_cmap(cmap). More methods can be found in the PolarAxes documentation. I would like to only plot the top 10 countries by values (by highest %) and within the plot, calculate the remaining countries % value and give it Nov 8, 2013 · Maybe add these information to the legend. matplotlib - pie chart label Jul 10, 2024 · Here’s an example code snippet that demonstrates how to add labels and percentages to a pie chart: Code: import matplotlib. set(yticklabels=[]) should remove tick labels. Placing the legend. subplots (figsize= (4,4)) plt. May 21, 2018 · Using this data i am creating a pie chart but it shows the 0% in the graph. 0. Draw pie charts with a legend. pts=100. They're an intuitive and simple way to visualize proportional data - such as percentages. reset_index() Sep 7, 2016 · I would like to remove the labels of a pie chart and keep the legends only. pie(x, labels) plt. Oct 19, 2021 · According to this informative tutorial How to Customize Pie Charts using Matplotlib by Yashmeet Singh, you can also use the set_visible() method instead of set_alpha(). theta1) / 2. title ('How to spot intellectuals on TV') plt. The code below draws a pie chart with 'oil' still present as a label. new_df = consumption. show() Apr 28, 2020 · Pie chart label overlapping. pyplot as plt x = [15, 30, 55] labels = [1, 2, 3] plt. To hide the label on the left side in matplotlib, we can use plt. Labeling a pie and a donut. 025) in the code below? May 31, 2023 · Do not plot the percentages or labels when you plot, and then create a legend which is placed off to the side: fig1, ax1 = plt. style. Nov 8, 2018 · The key here is to use ax. The syntax is given below: matplotlib. If you have lots of categories it can be cumbersome to manually set a colour for each category Apr 21, 2017 · plt. Plotly. get_xticklabels(): label. To be precise, this is not really the correct answer since using . The grouped data frames are targeted for the pie chart. Mar 22, 2023 · 5. An example: How c Dec 17, 2014 · Although you could skip the legend and improve the readability of your pie-chart by adjusting it. Note you also need to add 1 to the j index for the other axes where you plot your pie charts. Here is the code I am using: import matplotlib. This approach depends on the data and may be limited to this task. Matplotlib doesn't bother making a legend entry in that case. axis('equal') # Equal aspect ratio ensures that pie is drawn as a circle. Sep 16, 2021 · I have a simple pie chart with the percentage and label of each slice indicated. You can use the template below to plot the chart: Jan 8, 2020 · Override Matplotlib pie chart percentage labels to a specific value that doesn't sum to 100%. sizes = [50,50] plt. spines. 7 is the distance from the center. The alternative is to use matplotlib in a more object-oriented way. To remove frame in figure, I write. Simply tell matplotlib that you are working on separate figures, and then show them simultaneously: import matplotlib. legend ) answered Mar 22, 2016 at 18:37. figure, but with matplotlib. pi/180) Apr 20, 2011 · If you want to plot a Pandas dataframe and want to remove the legend, add legend=None as parameter to the plot command. To not display the y-axis label: filter_none. theta2 + patch. Feb 25, 2024 · Pie charts are often used to show proportions of data. gcf() There are two ways to remove the ugly frames from matplotlib. frameon=False. pie returns the wedges and lists of text objects for the labels and the percentages. show() Although we draw the pie chart but the percentage labels are missing and also the text is overlapping on each others. Instead of . 3. g: import matplotlib as mpl mpl. Wedge object; therefore in addition to the customizations shown here, each wedge can be Centering labels between ticks. ax = df['A']. pie(exp['Expenditure'], labels=exp['Category']) plt. refer documanetation hope it will help. DataFrame(np. 05), ncol=2, fancybox=True, shadow=True) But when I remove the labels, I can't seem to move the legend box at all. Using label=_nolegend_. bar. axis('equal') plt. Feb 2, 2018 · I have created a matplotlib pie chart: df. 2 that enables labels to have a good spacing (no overlapping) ? If anyone just wants to offset the labels automatically, and not use a legend, I wrote this function that does it (yup I'm a real try-hard). random. Similarly, for the y-axis: How to remove or hide y-axis ticklabels from a matplotlib / seaborn plot? Tested in python 3. We can use the legend function of the pyplot library for the same. plot('graph', [{ type: 'pie', labels: ['apples', 'bananas', 'clementines'], values: [20, 40, 0 Oct 24, 2013 · right now the labels : 'young cells'etc. #. I've used the code below to produce my chart: plt. Bar chart on polar axis Sep 20, 2021 · To remove labels from a Matplotlib pie chart based on a condition, we can take the following steps − Set the figure size and adjust the padding between and around the subplots. How to place labels on top of the pie chart in python matplotlib? 2. I'm also trying it with a list of values [300, 250, 0, 425] but can't figure out how to the label either. Matplotlib automatically creates figure and axes for you, and you use keep using the same figure. I can think of three ways of doing it but it is by no mean an exhaustive list: When passing a list as argument, you can influence the relative position of each slice in the chart, in order to avoid clusters of small slices, by swapping the order of Nov 11, 2020 · Python matplotlib. We’ll use the for loop to iterate rows and create a pie chart for each of them. tick_params(bottom=False) will remove the ticks. Mar 20, 2015 · 6. pyplot as plt fig, ax= plt. ndarray of them. plot. agg({'Animal. png") However, I get an output figure with lots of white space on either side of the plot. Step 3: Plot the Pie Chart using Matplotlib. ") if continuous: ccolors = plt. set_title(), but you can use . pie() call into a for loop, but even the simplest version of that didn't work. Jul 24, 2022 · Let's explore how to use Matplotlib function pie() to draw pie charts with customized colors, text, and percent labels. import pandas as pd. show() Here, x is an array or sequence of counts (the wedge sizes in the pie) and labels is the sequence of string labels to be used for each portion (wedge). Or this. ylabel ("") with ablank string. Add the following at the top of your script: import matplotlib as mpl mpl. set(title='') . box(False) or. The use of the following functions, methods, classes and modules is shown in this example: matplotlib. groupby(['Intake Condition']). Aug 12, 2023 · This produces the following: Notice how by default the column name label A appears as the y-axis label. Other options possible. You can either: Apr 5, 2022 · If you're dealing with your challenges only, first group them to aggregate the number of labels. remove () method, legend can be removed from figure in matplotlib. When you call ax. Theme's json ex (note "fontSize": "0px"): In Mashup's css: You can plot a pie chart in matplotlib using the pyplot’s pie() function. We’ll iterate only 8 rows in this example so we’re using table. Data. In the inner circle, we'll treat each number as belonging to its own group. My issue is that when I try to plot my aggregated dataframe it keeps overlapping some of the slice labels and is making it look cluttered and unreadable. . This is explained in the documentation example on pie charts and uniformtext There are a couple of ways you can change the font size of the labels. I tweaked the Format Code to 0%;;; and the zero percentage disappeared. Jun 6, 2016 · 3. labels = 'Frogs', 'Hogs', 'Dogs', 'Logs'. remove () Example 1: By using ax. 6. seaborn is used to draw the plot, but it's just a high-level API for matplotlib. set_visible(False) This produces the desired result without the column name y-axis label: Published by Arthur Yanagisawa. Axes. bar_label in recent matpolotlib update. All you have to do is use kind='pie' flag and tell it which column you want (or use subplots=True to get all columns). They are especially useful for displaying data that can be easily divided into categories or segments, such as a company's revenue or expenses. 7 using the example shown here. pie May 11, 2021 · Matplotlib Python Data Visualization. We can keep all the labels in a separate rectangular space which makes the figure cleaner. To plot a pie chart in Matplotlib, we can call the pie() function of the PyPlot or Axes instance. plot(kind='pie', shadow=True,label="") 2 days ago · July 18, 2024 1:09 AM 10 minutes read. # new coordinates of the text, 0. 156 E. imshow(g) c = plt. set_prop_cycle to assign colors to each line. import matplotlib. I am trying to produce a Matplotlib pie chart in Python 2. I have this code that gets the levenshtein distance between a correct word and it's mispelling. ax1. Jan 14, 2017 · 4. top'] = False If you want to remove all spines: Starting with a pie recipe, we create the data and a list of labels from it. That is, if you want to make the wedges disappear completely. DataFrame(data) # Plot the pie chart with labels and Jan 13, 2019 · Removing white space around pie chart. ) Similarly to control an axis label, get the label and turn it off. Since the data does not have any labels, creating a legend requires us to define the icons and labels. 271. e. Create lists of hours, activities, and colors. simulates a comet effect. The code also illustrates creation of comet in a for loop. df. With Matplotlib, creating a pie chart is a straightforward process that requires only a few lines of code. 0 Or you can modify the labels after they have been created. the center of the pie is (0,0) coordinate. plot(kind='pie', title='Pie Plot') ax. All you need to do from there is iterate over them, extract the value underlying the percentage label and update as needed. linspace(0,1,nc)) else: Jul 22, 2022 · To also remove the labels, it will be easiest to dip into pure matplotlib for this. This doesn't work if you use . Say you create a plot using. ) Pie charts are a popular way to display data in a visually appealing manner. You might want to move autotexts of narrow wedges from the center of the wedge along the radius: # the angle at which the text is located. The best way to tackle the problem of overlapping labels in the pie chart is to use the labels separately in the plot. pie it returns a tuple of (patches, texts, autotexts Nov 27, 2022 · Here is an example, where the labels are positionned manually in Data coordinates, i. May 27, 2020 · Hi @nirvikalpa, you can impose that the text fits inside pie sectors with textposition, and then impose a minimum font size so that labels which don’t fit won’t be displayed. show() This gives the error: Jul 13, 2021 · if u don't want %ages just remove autopct. This will remove the zero. x = patch. pie () method. legend(pie[0], labels, loc="upper corner", bbox_to_anchor = (1,1)) Play around with the bbox_to_anchor to shift it around. Create random Apr 15, 2017 · That's nice and all, but I want to remove the labels from the chart. t2 = np. 0,5. How to avoid overlapping of labels autopct in a Matplotlib pie chart - To avoid overlapping of labels and autopct in a matplotlib pie chart, we can follow label as a legend, using legend () method. To modify the r tick labels, you could do something like. plot() automatically draws a legend, so it needs to be removed afterwards. Apr 21, 2016 · A workaround for this however is to either apply custom text labels to your data, setting the values corresponding to 0 as null like in the code below, or alternatively, you may remove the 0 data from your initial plot-data before plotting. Create slices and activities using numpy. So my question, if I want to label pie wedges around the pie, is the any automated solution for MatPlotLib version 2. get_xaxis (). Change position of label of Matplotlib pie chart. In matplotlib, the pie () function is used to create a pie chart. Taking the categorical_cmap from matplotlib generic colormap from tab10 one get get more shades per hue. I have some Percentage labels causing the same problem, showing a 0% label. pyplot as plt labels = 'Frogs', 'Hogs', 'Dogs', 'Logs' sizes = [15, 30, 45, 10] fig, ax = plt. set_horizontalalignment('right') However, there is no direct way to center the labels between ticks. Add label="" argument when using the plot function. legend (bbox_to_anchor= (2. This is how you are doing it: textprops={'color':'white', 'weight':'bold', 'fontsize':12. In this case, pie takes values corresponding to counts in a group. There are several ways to do this, and the simplest is to use multiple figure numbers. plot(legend=False) plt. But I think the steps involved are easier to grasp. 5, 1. matplotlib - pie chart label customize with percentage. rcParams['font. let’s create pie chart in python. pyplot pie charts: How to remove the label on the left side? 1 Changing only the line properties inside the circle when using pie in matplotlib Sep 7, 2018 · 1. Jan 10, 2024 · Matplotlib API has pie () function in its pyplot module which create a pie chart representing the data in an array. for r_label in ax. plt. pie(group_size, radius=2. set_yticklabels([]). plot(x, y) If you simply want to remove the tick labels, you could use. Syntax: matplotlib. plot(legend=False) but there are cases where you do not have that choice. axes (). show() Instead of having the percentages on the pie slices, is there a way to put these percentages within the legend so that the legend reads: dogs, 34%. axis ("equal") pie = plt. In many cases pie charts are not the best way to convey information. legend() use. subplots() May 5, 2018 · I just need help with Not plotting 'zero' values on a pie chart in matplotlib as per title using python. 1; From the OP: No sample data May 9, 2021 · I'm creating a piechart from a dictionary and I'm trying to hide the label with a zero value in it. if nc > plt. pyplot as plt plt. answered Apr 21, 2017 at 0:37. Feb 18, 2022 · Bring up the Format pane for charts and select the data labels you want to change. Currently, my code has both. axes. set(). bar / matplotlib. 1. This article explains how to plot a pie chart in Matplotlib. title("Expenditure By Category") plt. set(xlabel=None) should remove the axis label. text. fig1 = plt. Pass the labels and the values as input to the function to create a pie chart counterclockwise, as in the example below. The label=None argument is the default, which the plotting function detects, telling it to make up a label. appear both on the graph and on the legend box but since the name is quite long sometimes I was wondering if it was possible to remove it from the graph. gca (). plot(). subplots_adjust (bottom=0. You can also get to the x axis like this. figure(0) # Create first chart here. You ask matplotlib to create figure and axes object, and then you do all the rest by calling methods of those objects: fig1,ax1=plt. 0. figure(figsize=(10, 8)) plt. pyplot. ID':'count'}) Feb 14, 2018 · You can remove the labels argument from the pie and add it to the legend. randn(10, 5)) df2. Matplotlib pie chart - How to center label? 0. pie (data, explode=None, labels=None, colors=None, autopct=None, shadow=False) Parameters: data represents the array of data values to be plotted, the fractional area As you can see the pie chart draws one piece (called a wedge) for each value in the array (in this case [35, 25, 25, 15]). gca(). Figure it only removes the gray background, the frame stays. legend() has two main arguments to determine the position of the legend. figure(1) # Create second chart here. pyplot as plt for spine in plt. Ticklabels are aligned relative to their associated tick. To remove "None" from a pie chart in a Matplotlib chart, you can use the autopct parameter in the plt. I know I can just change the "labels" to read the above as the fastest and most elegant way, but what if you do not know "sizes" until after the code is ran? Dec 26, 2021 · The area of the slices is equal to the percentage of the parts of the data. Improve this answer. In the outer circle, we'll plot them as members of their 3. And then remove the percentage text objects. In a theme you can set the fontSize of the piechart-label to 0px. pyplot as plt # Create a dataframe with the data data = {'Product': ['Product A', 'Product B', 'Product C', 'Product D'], 'Sales': [350, 450, 300, 600]} df = pd. 7 * np. Any idea how to remove the labels? I've tried the code below: plt. And since I am there I would like to know if it is possible to modify the orientation of the shadow of the legend box, because I have just realized Nov 24, 2021 · I need to plot a pie chart that shows all descriptions in a legend, despite the values being zero. pie(s) plt. ax. legend(labels=labels) Complete example: import matplotlib. When using the object oriented API, the Axes object has two useful methods for removing the axis text, set_xticklabels() and set_xticks(). pie() function. 11, pandas 1. show() edited May 7 at 2:48. For example: There are many other Matplotlib objects that can be used in this way. How can I hide it? Nov 26, 2022 · Creating Legends. The goal is to create a pie chart based on the above data. DataFrame. legend(labels=labels) plt. fig, ax = plt. The only mandatory argument is the data we'd like to plot, such as a feature from a dataset: [ ] Feb 3, 2014 · I've learned the basics of plotting pie charts (through the tutorial and examples here), but I don't manage to put the suptitle above the chart (I need maybe to reduce the pie chart size, but how do I do it?). Also, I only want the lines to show, and all the rest of figure be transparent. matplotlib plt. To add labels, pass a list of labels to the labels parameter. Create a Pandas dataframe of wwo-dimensional, size-mutable, potentially heterogeneous tabular data. You could loop through the labels and percentages, and append the percentage text to the label text. I am using a pie chart: patches,labels, dummy = zip(*sorted(zip(patches, labels, df. Axes or numpy. remove () Using . Follow Overlapping labels in matplotlib pie chart. Extend the number of shades per hue. right'] = False mpl. Bar chart on polar axis. I think its one solution is to avoid values with zero %age and second is to seprate labels to overlap (with some arrow etc. 2, seaborn 0. plot(data1[i], np. You then just need to turn off the axes lines and ticks from the axes in the left column ( ax. set_axis_off() ), and the add your text labels using ax. # The slices will be ordered and plotted counter-clockwise. You can dynamically changet the rc settings. df2 = pd. 0,pts) t2=(t2/50) Mar 21, 2022 · Pandas has this built in to the pd. head (8) instead of table. size'] = 9. Since I just encountered one, I added a new answer below. This will automatically add the labels for you and even do the percentage labels as well. This is my code and I have my visualization below. Dec 2, 2021 · Assuming that the order of the annotations can be different, we can reorder the numbers into the order of large and small, and change the order of the labels accordingly. Oct 28, 2010 · I'm struggling to deal with my plot margins in matplotlib. DataFrame. rcParams['axes. axis('equal') pie = ax. edited Apr 21, 2017 at 1:28. returns a matplotlib. Mar 29, 2022 · 1. yaxis. pyplot as plt group_size = [10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 50] labels = ['AAAA', 'BBBB', 'CCCC', 'DDDD', 'EEEE', ''] fig, ax = plt. In the code below we've listed a few Mar 7, 2022 · Now to create a Pie Chart, we have to use plt. My full code is: Jun 20, 2020 · I have to plot pie chart with %age values, I am facing a problem that some value are very small and their %age is about zero, when I plot using matplotlib in python, therir labels overlab and they are not readable. They are : Using . set_visible () Fix legend_ attribute of the required Axes object = None. How would I hide labels less than a predefined value (here, let's say less than 0. It uses numpy but could easily be re-written in pure python. The pie matplotlib function Given a set of categories or groups with their corresponding values you can make use of the pie function from matplotlib to create a pie chart in Python. Jul 16, 2019 · In your case the labels disappear because you are setting the color to white in the textprops argument. set_label("Number of Slabs") plt. By default the plotting of the first wedge starts from the x-axis and moves counterclockwise: Note: The size of each wedge is determined by comparing the value with all the other values, by using this formula: May 12, 2020 · resizing pie chart slices in matplotlib so that percentages are visible. values(): spine. As I set wedgeprops in arguments (eg. ldhsqxlsrfeyrprvxblx